Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

DEA models help a DMU to detect its (in-)efficiencyand to improve activities, if necessary. Efficiencyis only one economic aim for a decision-maker; however, up-or downsizing might be a second one. Improvingefficiency is the main topic in DEA; the long-term strategytowards the right production size should attract our attentionas well. Not always the management of a DMU primarilyfocuses on technical efficiency but rather isinterested in gaining scale effects. In this paper, a formulafor returns to scale (RTS) is developed, and this formula iseven applicable for interior points of technology. Particularly, technical and scale inefficient DMUs need sophisticatedinstruments to improve their situation. ConsideringRTS as well as efficiency, in this paper, we give an advicefor each DMU to find an economically reliable path fromits actual situation to better activities and finally to mostproductive scale size (mpss), perhaps. For realizing thispath, we propose an interactive algorithm, thus harmonizingthe scientific findings and the interests of the management. Small numerical examples illustrate such pathsfor selected DMUs; an empirical application in theatremanagement completes the contribution.

In the last 5,000 years, there have been 14,000 wars in the world that have left more than 4 billion dead, so much so that even sociologists have considered war as a social reality. Since 1945, there have been only two weeks without war. The study of world wars shows that cities have always been one of the first targets of enemies in air, missile and ground attacks due to the existence of population centers, vital facilities and infrastructure. In other words, in the wars of the contemporary period, cities and citizens are affected by attacks for various reasons, which cause a lot of casualties and damage. Therefore, even in countries that have not been involved in war so far and have only observed this ominous phenomenon, attention to passive defense measures in the field of architecture and urban planning has been significant. According to reports and research, in the wars of the last three decades (including the Iraq-Iran war, the Iraq invasion to Kuwait, the 1991 Allied war against Iraq, the NATO war against the former Yugoslavia, 2003 US-British war against Iraq, The 33-day war of Israel in 2006 against the Lebanese people, Hezbollah, etc.), population centers and facilities and infrastructure in the sectors of water, electricity, energy, transportation, emergency services, defense of cities were the most important targets that have been subjected to the most severe military attacks.This is an applied research by quantitative method. In this study, in order to achieve the goal of determining the degree of dependence of urban areas, interaction analysis and official scoring criteria announced by the passive defense organization have been used.In this regard, to determine the degree of interaction of zones, four criteria of physical, cyber, geographical and logical interaction have been used according to the degree of their dependence on other assets and the results are defined in the form of points for each asset.In terms of physical interaction, the assets of Neishabour Crisis Management Center and Medical Emergency, combined cycle power plant and electrical substations, hospitals and medical centers are in the first category in terms of physical interaction, respectively. The interaction of these assets is above 50. The assets of the Red Crescent, blood transfusion, air emergency base and Neishabour municipality are in the second category, respectively. The physical interaction of these assets is above 40. The assets of the oil pipelines and Telecommunications company and Bar dam are also in the third category with an interaction above 30. The results of spatial analysis of physical interaction showed that the largest pole of physical interaction is located in the southwest of the city. The main reason for the formation of this pole is the location of the electrical substation on Kashmar Road and the railway station in the southwestern part of the city. Due to the location of the electrical substation next to the Tavanir sports complex in the central area of the city, this area had the highest amount of physical interaction after the southwest pole.interaction after the southwest pole.In terms of cyber interaction, among these assets, combined cycle power plants and electrical substations had the highest dependence on the relevant information flow, respectively. Assets such as the Bar dam, TBS stations and the oil pipelines and Telecommunications Company were in the next category. The spatial distribution of this interaction indicated that there are three main nodes (east, south and southwest) in the city. Among these nodes, the eastern node has the highest rate of cyber interaction. The main centers of the east, south and southwest nodes are the Infrastructure Communications Company, the electricity substation located on Kashmar Road and the electricity substation next to Tavanir Sports Complex, respectively. In terms of geographical interaction, it can be said that most of the assets of Neishabour are less than 5 kilometer away from each other and in general 19 assets (more than half of them) are in the category of very short distance. 13 assets with a distance of 6 to 7 kilometer are in the category of assets with a short distance as the second largest category in terms of the number of assets. 4 assets also had a distance between 7 and 8 kilometer and were in the category of assets with a medium distance. The 6 assets had a distance of 8 to 15 kilometer and were classified as long distance assets. 4 assets were also in the category of very long distance assets. The results of spatial analysis of this type of interaction indicated that the geographical interaction of assets located in the central part of the city was higher. It can be said that there are two main poles of geographical interaction in the city of Neishabour. The larger pole is located in the central part of Neishabour. The smaller pole is located in the southeastern part of the city and was surrounded by highly interactive assets. In the field of logical interaction, the assets related to water and electricity and health care infrastructures of Neishabour have the highest level of logical interaction with interaction rate of 4, respectively. The interaction rate of other assets is equal to 3. Railway assets also have no logical interaction due to the lack of other assets in the transport infrastructure. The results of spatial analysis showed that the western, southeastern and central parts of the city had the highest rate of logical interaction, respectively. The adjacent range of these three poles was in the category with high logical interaction. Most parts of the city were in the category of moderate interaction. The southwestern part of the city also had the lowest rate of interaction.According to the findings of the physical interaction, it can be concluded that in the event of an attack on the southwest of the city, many urban centers and facilities will dysfunction. Because most of them have a high functional dependence on the strategic centers located in this part of the city; but in general, the distribution of these strategic centers in the city is appropriate.

One of the latest and most important theories in policy knowledge is interactive policy theory. An interactive policy is a process in which several groups are actively involved and jointly make a decision. Regarding the status of the policy-making process in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the need for such mechanisms is twofold so that it can be countered by the phenomena such as money laundering. Money laundering is one of the most significant examples of administrative corruption that can reasonably be said to occur in all countries of the world. The main objective of this research is to develop a model for combating money laundering using an interactive policy making approach. Considering the extent of this issue, this model is designed in the Islamic Republic of Iran Banking System. The research approach is either blended or combined with a sequential exploratory approach. Firstly, qualitative data and then a little bit collected and analyzed. According to the findings of the study, 265 indicators were extracted from interviews and international and domestic literature, among which 56 indicators were identified and 5 themes were identified. Based on the results of the research, the importance of the content of the main and most important factors of intergovernmental policy-making in combating money laundering in the banking system of Islamic Republic of Iran. Most desirable model in the fight against money laundering is a model based on an interactive policy approach that can be effective in combating money laundering by utilizing effective participatory partnerships.

The problem of personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of personal identity.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are among the primary concerns in internet security today. Machine learning can be exploited to detect such attacks. In this paper, a multi-layer perceptron model is proposed and implemented using deep machine learning to distinguish between malicious and normal traffic based on their behavioral patterns. The proposed model is trained and tested using the CICDDoS2019 dataset. To remove irrelevant and redundant data from the dataset and increase learning accuracy, feature selection is used to select and extract the most effective features that allow us to detect these attacks. Moreover, we use the grid search algorithm to acquire optimum values of the model’s hyperparameters among the parameters’ space. In addition, the sensitivity of accuracy of the model to variations of an input parameter is analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented model is validated in comparison with some state-of-the-art works.